The College of Geographical Science is the descendant of the Division of History and Geography established in 1952. The division was renamed in 1955 the Division of Geography and in 1958 the Department of Geography. The department had evolved into the current School of Geosciences by 2001.

The college has seven undergraduate majors, among which geosciences, land resource management and geographic information science are taught in both Chinese and Mongolian. It boasts highly qualified teaching staff holding many professional ranks and titles. 

The college's postgraduate education has also developed rapidly. The major of regional geography was given the right to offer master's degrees in 1990 and started recruitment in 1991; the major of geography launched its postgraduate program in 1998.

At present, the College of Geographical Science has three departments: the Department of Geographical Science, the Department of Territorial Resources and the Department of Urban Planning and Surveying Engineering. The Department of Geographical Science offers four majors: geography education, geographic information science, physical geography and resource environment and human geography and urban planning. The Department of Urban Planning and Surveying Engineering offers two majors: urban and rural planning and surveying, and mapping engineering. 

The college has two research institutes, two laboratories and a research center. It also houses a reference room, an instrument room and six laboratories.