The Mathematics Science College of IMNU was founded on May 5, 1952. In the same year, it began to enroll students in a two-year mathematics program. The duration of the program was extended to three years after a restructuring that led to the launch of the Division of Mathematics and Science in 1953. In 1954, the college was relocated to Hohhot together with IMNU. Another adjustment was made in 1956, leading to the setup of the Division of Mathematics, which began to enroll students in its first-ever four-year undergraduate program. A correspondence course in math was also launched. In 1957, the undergraduate program was merged into Inner Mongolia University. In 1958, the Division of Mathematics was renamed the Department of Mathematics. In 1961, the department launched an undergraduate program with courses taught in Mongolian.

In 1983, the Department of Mathematics separated the major of Mathematics History from the rest of the department, which led to the foundation of IMNU's Institute for the History of Sciences. In 1986, some teachers in the Computer Education and Research Office of the Department of Mathematics were transferred to the university's Computing Center. In 1994, the mathematics department of the Correspondence College affiliated to IMNU was merged into the Department of Mathematics. In 2000, the mathematics department of the former Inner Mongolia Education College was merged into the Department of Mathematics. In November 2003, the Mathematics Science College was launched, replacing the former Department of Mathematics.

Currently, the college offers two provincial-level key undergraduate programs -- Mathematics and Applied Mathematics -- which cultivate future teachers and offer courses taught in both Mongolian and Mandarin. It also runs a non-normal program in Information and Computer Science. Moreover, it offers master's programs in mathematics with four sub-disciplines (Basic Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Computing Mathematics, and Operations Research and Control Theory) and two areas of specialization (Mathematics Curriculum and Teaching Theory, and Teaching of Mathematics).

The Mathematics Science College boasts a 583-square-meter information and computer science laboratory with 240 computers. The college has an 80-square-meter reference room and a multifunctional lecture hall. It also houses a 40-square-meter reading room and five 20-square-meter teaching and research offices. Up to 115,000 books in Chinese and foreign languages and 59 journals are available to teachers and students.